Brief history of rare earth

From 1894, humans discovered the first rare earth element strontium , which has been 116 years old. However, 17 rare earth elements were not discovered at once, and by 1947, the last rare earth element was found, and it took 153 years of hard work. And in the long process of discovery, it is full of historical misunderstandings. In the book on the history of chemical element discovery, the initial discovery of rare earth elements is described as follows: rare earth discovery began in Northern Europe. In 1987, amateur mineralogist, the Swedish Army lieutenant CAArrhenius, borrowed a black ore that he had never seen before in a small village called Yteerby near Stockholm. Name it Yteerite.

In 1794, the Finnish chemist Gadolin claimed that J.Gadolin discovered a new element, "Bauxite", from this mineral, which was named Yteelium (钇). Everyone counts this year as the time when the first rare earth element was discovered. In fact, this is a misunderstanding. Because, the "soil" that Gadolin discovered at the beginning was not a rare earth element, but could only be said to be a "rhenium group rare earth" mixed oxide. Later, scientists, and from this "yttrium earth" have been found in ytterbium, erbium, terbium and other heavy rare earth elements. It turned out that the original chemists regarded several "twin sisters" as "one person." The same misunderstanding also occurred in light rare earths. Found "yttrium earth" in 1803 after nine years, the Swedish chemist Bocai Li Uz (JJBerzelius) and his new teacher Black Eagle (W.Hisingerr) presented the report found that new element "ceria" and Name it Cerium (铈). In fact, this "铈" was not a relatively pure cerium oxide, but a mixed oxide of "cerium rare earth". Thereafter chemists, and from which the separated light lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium and other single rare earth element. They also mistakenly think that the light rare earth "twin brothers" who are very similar in their faces are "one person."

This difficult search and misunderstanding is almost full of the discovery of 17 rare earth elements.

In 1839, after 36 years of discovering "铈" in Becherius, the Swedish chemist Carl Mosander discovered "镧" (the name is derived from the Greek word for "hidden") . Two years later, in 1841, Mossandel discovered "Didymium" ("Glyph" in Greek) from the "earth". In fact, he is a bismuth compound. It was not until 1985 that the Austrian chemist CFAuer Von Welsbach discovered that the "Didim" was not only a twin, but he was a pair of twins and ape. From 镨钕 compounds to the real discovery of a single 镨 and 钕 element, it has gone through a full 44 years. The discovery of heavy rare earths has also undergone a long journey. From the discovery of 钇, after discovering 铒 (1894), 镱 (1878), 钬 (1879), 铥 (1879), to 1907, the last heavy rare earth was discovered. The element 镥 has gone through 113 years.

The earliest discoverer of the Periodic Table of the Elements, Mendeleev, discovered only bismuth, bismuth, bismuth, antimony and bismuth compounds (Didim). He has realized that rare earth elements have a great influence on his periodic table. But they can't arrange their location. Before he died, he wrote painfully: "(Rare Earth) This is one of the most difficult problems in the periodic table." Chemical historians say that in the 35 years from 1878 to 1913, various scientific journals reported at least 100 rare earth elements. Of course, most of them were later denied. There are even people who claim to discover two new rare earth elements on April Fool's Day. They used a rare earth to make a joke with everyone. It is also a funny episode to the long-depressed history of rare earth discovery.

It was not until 1947 that American Mararonsky and his colleagues separated the last rare earth element strontium from atomic reactor uranium waste to complete the entire development history of 17 rare earth elements. It is also from this year that American scientists invented the separation of rare earths by ion exchange, and the ion exchange process was improved by the famous scholar FHSpedding. It is possible to prepare pure single rare earths in kilograms for research. The intrinsic properties of a single rare earth and the use of developed rare earths create the basic conditions. People have gradually realized the richness of light, electricity, magnetism and nuclear properties of rare earths, laying a foundation for the development and application of various rare earth functional materials. As a result, the rare earth elements found in the full misunderstanding, really into industrialization and development as a strategic element in the application of gold. Each member of the rare earth has characteristics. They are all very talented and show their magic in all areas of the national economy. In particular, the study of the rich electronic energy levels unique to rare earth elements, using its excellent optical, magnetic, electrical, acoustic and thermal properties, can develop new materials and new devices with excellent functional properties. As soon as the families predicted, in the six new technologies in the 21st century - information, biology, new materials, new energy, space and ocean, the family of rare earth elements will make a significant contribution.

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