China's shale gas development and environmental protection bottlenecks to be a breakthrough
An energy expert here at the Boao Forum for Asia Annual Meeting 2013 in Boao, Hainan, said that in the international context of large-scale commercial development of shale gas, the future development of shale gas in Asia, especially in China, will greatly change the world's energy supply and demand structure . The future prospects of conventional fossil fuels and renewable energy sources will be affected by the large-scale exploitation of shale gas, but the extent of the impact remains to be seen. Analysis of the industry, China's shale gas mining conditions compared with the United States is more complex, the future in environmental protection and technological bottlenecks breakthrough worth the wait. Large-scale commercial exploitation of shale gas in China will have a positive impact on changing the domestic energy mix and the world's energy supply and demand. Global shale gas development momentum rising China into the future development of key areas On April 6, Chinese and foreign energy experts and industry insiders who participated in the roundtable discussion on "Shale Gas Revolution: A New Force for Changing Supply and Demand" at the BFA Annual Conference 2013 said that as shale gas mining technology is gradually maturing and commercial The realization of large-scale mining, shale gas will lead to a revolution in the international energy field, to a certain extent, will change the world energy supply and demand pattern. The honored guests pointed out that after the large-scale commercial exploitation of shale gas in 2009, the United States replaced Russia as the world's largest producer of natural gas and the U.S. natural gas accounted for 20% of the world's total natural gas output. The latest statistics show that the recoverable reserves of shale gas technology in the United States is about 13.6 trillion cubic meters. In 2012, the sales volume of natural gas in the United States reached 716 billion cubic meters, up 30% over 2006. "The U.S. energy sector is experiencing a shale gas revolution that will revolutionize the shale gas revolution around the world in the future," said U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Robert Holmetz, shale in China and Australia and elsewhere Gas reserves are abundant and future breakthroughs similar to the shale gas revolution in the United States are only a matter of time. Emilio Lozoya, chief executive of Mexico's National Oil Company, said the U.S. Agency for Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects fourth in the world for shale gas reserves in Mexico and that Petronas will invest two billion U.S. dollars in the next two years Rock gas exploitation. "Mexico is refining gas pipelines and encouraging private-sector companies to invest in shale gas exploration." We have the potential to replicate the shale gas revolution in the United States. " According to EIA's forecast, China's shale gas recoverable resources reached 1275 trillion cubic feet, or about 36 trillion cubic meters. Yu Haifeng, deputy director of the geological prospecting department of the Ministry of Land and Resources, once said that the preliminary assessment of the recoverable resource potential of shale gas in China is 25.08 trillion cubic meters (excluding the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau). The potential of the domestic shale gas exploitation has aroused the concern of the industry. Ren Keying, chief executive of Merrill Lynch China, said: "The development of natural gas has become the world's largest energy development trend in the 21st century. China is about to enter the golden age of natural gas. Therefore, unconventional gas development is crucial, especially reserves Rich shale gas deposits. " Ren Keying said that the Chinese government announced some specific production targets and encouraged the private sector to participate in the exploitation of shale gas. The NDRC is also in the process of reforming the domestic pricing mechanism for natural gas. With the strong support of government departments, the future of large-scale commercial exploitation of shale gas in China is very bright. "China's economy is constantly growing and its demand for energy also increases." Ren Keying predicts that in the coming years, Chinese enterprises will develop shale gas technologies through mergers and acquisitions and in-house research and development. In addition, many foreign investors and Chinese enterprises signed a joint research agreement to understand shale gas deposits in China. Gao Zimin, party secretary of Shenzhen Energy Group Co., Ltd., also believes that both the US Department of Energy and Chinese official forecast data indicate that there is huge potential for shale gas reserves and recoverable potential in China, which has brought the participation of international companies in shale gas production in China opportunity. "We welcome foreign investors to work with us to develop shale gas jointly," Gao Zimin said. Participants said that the shale gas revolution in the United States has had a significant impact on the world energy supply and demand pattern. However, in the future, whether shale gas exploitation in other countries and regions will replicate the U.S. mining model needs to solve the environmental concerns and commercial bottlenecks of shale gas exploration. "According to MIT's study of greenhouse gas emissions from shale gas production, shale gas mining has had no significant negative impact on the environment." Frank Ingersollis, chairman of Pacific Energy Development Corp., Monitoring greenhouse gas emissions and strengthening environmental risk assessment can fully control the issue of carbon emissions from shale gas. Artem Volynets, the Russian energy company EN + chief executive, said that 20 years ago there was a perception that natural gas extraction would increase the world's carbon emissions, but the fact is that natural gas did not increase the world's carbon emissions. "Shale gas is a clean and environment-friendly energy source. Any economic activity may have an impact on the environment. However, the environmental protection and energy sectors should measure this new energy source from a comprehensive perspective. Shale gas is generally environmentally friendly " Dai Kerui, executive vice president of Total Group who attended the discussion, pointed out that shale gas is good for energy structure improvement and energy price supply. It is too early to conclude that the next shale gas exploitation will have a negative impact on the environment. "Wind power was once recognized as an environmentally friendly energy source, but if the layout of wind power is not reasonable, it will have an impact on biodiversity, so the key to using new energy is to keep its development technology within an environmentally acceptable level." Experts at the conference said that to achieve the U.S.-style shale gas revolution, other countries and regions in the world will need to make breakthroughs in gas pipeline network construction, talent pooling and mining technologies. Deckerly believes that the shale gas revolution in the United States is based on a highly specialized company and a large pool of talent, which laid the foundation before the United States began commercial exploitation of shale gas. "Other countries and regions can copy the US shale gas development model, but it takes time." In addition, the shale gas burial and mining conditions in China and other countries are different from those in the United States, which makes it difficult to replicate the shale gas development model in the United States. Shale gas mining technology in the United States mainly targets shale layers of about two thousand meters, and not all other countries and regions apply U.S. technologies. Attendees said shale gas as an unconventional oil and gas has the characteristics of long recovery period and low single-well economic benefit, and the borrowing of U.S. technology to exploit shale gas has limitations. Gao Zimin pointed out that the average depth of shale gas burial in China is deeper than that in the United States and the conditions for address distribution are more complicated. There are also limited water resources and land resources for large-scale exploitation of shale gas, all of which are necessary for realizing large-scale shale gas business Development brings difficulties. The shale gas revolution will reshape the international energy mix < 1 2 >
Rice Cooker
A rice cooker or rice steamer is an automated kitchen appliance
designed to boil or steam rice. It consists of a heat source, a cooking bowl,
and a thermostat. The thermostat measures the temperature of the cooking bowl
and controls the heat. Complex rice cookers may have many more sensors and
other components, and may be multipurpose. Cooking rice has traditionally
required constant attention to ensure the rice was cooked properly, and not
burnt. Electric rice cookers automate the process by mechanically or
electronically controlling heat and timing, thus freeing up a heating element
on the cooking range that had to be otherwise occupied for rice cooking.
Although the rice cooker does not necessarily speed up the cooking process,
with an electric rice cooker the cook's involvement in cooking rice is reduced
to simply measuring the rice, preparing the rice properly and using the correct
amount of water. Once the rice cooker is set to cook, the rice will be cooked
with no further attention.
Features:
For modern home
rice cookers, the smallest single-person model cooks 1 rice cup (180 ml),
whereas large models can cook 10 cups. Commercial models can cook 20 or more
cups. As a possible source of confusion, model specifications and names may
list either cooked or uncooked capacity. Rice roughly doubles in size during
cooking; therefore, a 10 cup (uncooked) rice cooker can produce up to 20 cups
of cooked rice. The prices vary greatly, depending on the capacity, features,
materials used, and the country of origin.
The majority of
modern electric rice cookers are equipped with a stay-warm or keep-warm feature,
which keeps the rice at an optimal temperature for serving without over-cooking
it. Some gas cookers also have electric stay-warm mechanism. However, the
usefulness of this feature degrades over time, a microwave may be more energy
efficient or better suited to reheat rice that will sit longer than four hours.
Some rice
cookers use induction heating, with one or more induction heaters directly
warming the pot. This can improve energy efficiency.
Most modern
rice cookers use aluminium for the inner cooking bowl. There are some models
that use stainless steel instead of aluminium. Various other materials, such as
copper, pure carbon, ceramic, and diamond powder coating, may be used for
higher heat conductivity or better taste.
The
pressure-cooking models can raise the water's boiling point higher, e.g., from
100 °C at 1.0 atm up to about 110 °C at 1.4 atm, which speeds cooking. The
pressure-cooking models can also be used in high altitude areas, where the
boiling temperature is below 100 Celsius. Pressure cookers are also suitable
for cooking brown rice (which contains oils and bran fiber that cook
differently from pure white rice starch). Some pressure rice cookers have a
varying pressure control mechanism (named the "dual-pressure" method)
that creates repeated pressure/release cycles during the cooking.
There also
exist mechanisms to collect and return the boiled over liquid to the inner rice
bowl.
Many cookers now have microprocessor-controlled cooking cycles, which are often used to adjust for rice and
cooking type.
Applications
Rice cookers are typically used for the preparation of plain or
lightly seasoned rice. Each rice cooker model may be optimized to cook a
certain type of rice best. For example, most Japanese rice cookers are
optimized for cooking Japanese rice and may not be the best for other types of
rice[citation needed], although cooking time can be lengthened simply by more
water.
The typical method of cooking long grain rice
is boil-and-strain and/or steaming method. The absorption method used in
Japanese rice cookers will produce slightly different texture and taste,
usually stickier rice.
Brown rice generally needs longer cooking
times than white rice, unless it is broken or flourblasted (which perforates
the bran).
Different varieties of rice need different
cooking times, depending on their grain size, grain shape, and grain
composition. There are three main types of Asian rice: Oryza sativa subsp.
indica, i.e., Indian rice (long grain rice, e.g., basmati rice and Thai jasmine
rice), O. sativa subsp. javanica, i.e., Java rice (large grain rice) and O.
sativa subsp. japonica, i.e., Japanese rice (medium grain rice, e.g., Calrose
rice, short grain rice, e.g., most Japanese rice and risotto rice).
African rice, Oryza glaberrima, is an entirely
separate species, but can be cooked in the same way. Zizania is not even in the
same genus, although it is often called a rice (or "water oats"); it,
too, can also be cooked in a rice cooker.
A
rice cooker can be used to cook many boiled or steamed granular foods, such as
pot barley, bulgar wheat, and dal. Provided the ingredients have similar
cooking times, a rice cooker can cook mixtures such as khichdi. Some rice
cookers can be used as automated couscoussiers, cooking couscous and a stew
simultaneously.
Rice Cooker,Drum Rice Cooker,Deluxe Rice Cooker,Straight Rice Cooker Guangzhou Taipeng Electrical Appliances Technology CO., LTD. , https://www.taipengelectrics.com
Copying the shale gas revolution in the United States needed to address environmental concerns and commercial bottlenecks