The general trend of agricultural mechanization development in hilly and mountainous areas
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[ China Agricultural Machinery Industry News ] For a long time, the level of agricultural mechanization in the hilly and mountainous areas of "congenital deficiency" lags far behind the plain dam area. Despite the rapid development in recent years, it is still the big shortcoming of China's agricultural machinery. In 2016, the mechanization rates of crop cultivation and harvesting in the hilly areas of southwestern China, the low hilly areas in the south, the Loess Plateau and the northwestern regions were 26%, 49%, and 57%, respectively, which is significantly different from the national average of 65.2%. More than 80% of the mechanization rates in the Northeast and other places are far apart.
At present, it is a crucial period for the transformation and upgrading of China's agricultural machinery. To promote the development of agricultural machinery to “comprehensive, full-scale, high-quality,â€, it is necessary to focus on weak areas and start with “filling the short boardâ€. In the context of the mechanization of key segments of food crops in the plain dam area of ​​China, and the relatively overcapacity of traditional agricultural machinery products, it is timely to promote the accelerated development of agricultural machinery in the hilly mountains.
The challenge of developing agricultural machinery in the hilly and mountainous areas
China's hilly and mountainous areas account for more than 50% of the cultivated land area, covering more than 60% of the population. It is an important production base for China's grain and oil sugar crops and specialty cash crops such as potato, fruit mulberry, vegetables, and green fodder. Poverty-stricken areas are also mainly distributed in hilly and mountainous areas. Planting crops is an important source of income for local farmers. Li Weiguo, director of the Department of Agricultural Mechanization of the Ministry of Agriculture, said, "It can be said that the agricultural development in the hilly and mountainous areas has a vital impact on the safety of the country's major agricultural products, and directly affects the peasants' poverty alleviation. With the difficulty of employment and the cost of labor Restricted, without mechanized support, the characteristic crops in the hilly and mountainous areas are difficult to industrialize, and many local characteristics will be gradually lost, and even the industry shrinks and the cultivated land is abandoned."
However, the development of agricultural mechanization in hilly and mountainous areas with small plots, scattered and scattered, and unsuitable infrastructure is a recognized problem, and the challenges are severe. Developed countries such as Europe and the United States have better natural resource endowments, and generally do not use hilly mountainous areas as agricultural production resources. Therefore, there is basically no successful international experience and mature technical equipment routes for promoting the development of agricultural machinery in such regions. At present, the contradiction of insufficient and incomplete development of agricultural mechanization in the hilly and mountainous areas of China is highlighted: the weak links, the "inorganic availability" problem, and the slow development of agricultural machinery social services. Li Weiguo explained: "In recent years, the level of machine cultivation has increased rapidly, but the mechanization of planting and harvesting is still in its infancy. For example, the machine rate and machine rate in the hilly areas of southwest China are only 5.5% and 14.2%. Blank, the mechanization rate of fruit mulberry tea is only about 20%. In addition to micro-farming machinery and tea machinery, small crops post-production processing equipment, most crops, most links lack mature and usable machinery. Typical hilly mountain counties average 3 There is only one agricultural machinery cooperative in towns and villages, and the service capacity is far from meeting the needs of surrounding farmers. It is also common to purchase and maintain agricultural machinery."
In addition, there are many constraints from the development of agricultural mechanization in the hilly and mountainous areas: First, the terrain is poor, and the hilly and mountainous areas are generally scattered and messy, with many slopes and many irregular shapes. Second, the planting system is complex, with more varieties planted in the same area, more traditional inter-cropping methods, more agricultural machinery and acrobatics, and some varieties are not suitable for mechanized operations. Third, farmers' income is low and old, the quality of employees is relatively low, and the ability to purchase new agricultural machinery and accept new technologies is weak. Fourth, the agricultural machinery investment has low efficiency, and the agricultural machinery applicable in the hilly and mountainous areas is difficult to develop, the market size of single-type machine tools is small, the after-sales service cost is high, and the profit is thin. The powerful agricultural machinery enterprises are not willing to get involved, and the small-scale agricultural machinery enterprises lack sufficient strength. As a result, most scientific research results have stopped at the prototype stage. Large and medium-sized machinery has low efficiency and large loss in the small field, and its investment recovery period is more than double that of the plain area.
The current development of agricultural machinery in the hilly mountains ushered in a rare historical opportunity
"Building a modern agricultural industrial system, production system, and management system in hilly and mountainous areas urgently requires agricultural machinery to play an important role in integrating technologies, saving costs and promoting scale operations, and improving the competitiveness of agricultural products. At the same time, in hilly areas. The peasants are also looking forward to the early realization of mechanization substitution, so that they can work more decently and share the dividends of the country's agricultural development." Li Weiguo believes that "it can be said that in the future, if the agricultural machinery in the hilly areas cannot make significant progress, then The historical mission of basically realizing agricultural mechanization in China will be postponed, which will affect the modernization of agricultural and rural areas on schedule."
While facing the challenge, we should see that in the past five years, the comprehensive mechanization level of hilly and mountainous areas has increased by more than 1.5 percentage points annually. The past practice and successful experience have laid the foundation for us to overcome this problem. In addition, it should be noted that the current development of mechanization in hilly and mountainous areas faces a rare historical opportunity.
The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed that the national implementation of the rural revitalization strategy will significantly increase the investment in agricultural and rural modernization. With the deepening of the structural reform of the agricultural supply side, the characteristic agricultural products industry in the hilly mountainous areas will usher in new development opportunities. With the gradual arrival of rural land rights, and the proposal to “maintain a stable and long-lasting land contracting relationship, and extend the land contract for another 30 years after the second round of land contractingâ€, it will also bring new land management and centralized rectification. Opportunities, peasants have less concern about losing ground because they are worried about not having a clear boundary. It is becoming more and more feasible to focus on arable land for the transformation of arable land with units of scale management and village collectives (village groups). The mechanization of key links of food crops in the flat dam area of ​​China's plains has been basically solved, and the overall transfer to the quality improvement stage, the competent departments of agricultural machinery at all levels can free up more efforts to promote the mechanization of hilly mountain areas. The competition in the traditional agricultural machinery market is becoming increasingly fierce, and some products are overcapacity. Some agricultural machinery manufacturers that are looking for new breakthroughs and growth points are expected to enter the “blue ocean†of the hilly mountain machinery. The scale of various types of agricultural scale management is increasing. They are eager to reduce the cost by developing mechanization due to the difficulty of employment and the cost of labor. The desire to plant and adapt to land is urgent.
Adapting to local conditions, highlighting key comprehensive measures and promoting
In view of the poor natural conditions in the hilly mountains, the weak economic foundation, and the wide variety of planting conditions, it is impossible to achieve agricultural machinery in hilly and mountainous areas. "In terms of ideas, we must adapt to local conditions, highlight key points, and do the numerator and denominator together; we must comprehensively implement policies and promote together, and the various areas involved in land remediation, agricultural product processing, and agricultural machinery and agronomy should actively cooperate to form a joint force." Li Weiguo proposed "To highlight key areas, it is impossible for all hilly and mountainous areas to go hand in hand. It is necessary to first break through areas suitable for large-scale and mechanized areas with appropriate slopes and relatively concentrated plots; to highlight key crops, first from the regional scale of advantageous agricultural products production. Break through mechanization; it is necessary to highlight key links, from the peasant's urgent or key to the production or easy to break through; highlight key support targets and give priority to supporting large-scale business entities."
The symposium on the development of agricultural mechanization in the hilly and mountainous areas held in Chongqing not long ago was deployed to accelerate the development of agricultural mechanization in hilly and mountainous areas in the next period. The meeting pointed out that the next step should focus on the following five aspects: to improve the mechanized site conditions in hilly and mountainous areas with the help of machine-oriented transformation; to build a synergistic innovation mechanism based on the construction of industry, academia and research, and accelerate the cracking of "inorganic use" To achieve the goal of multiplying the effect, create a number of demonstration models at multiple levels; take the comprehensive professionalization as the guide, and vigorously cultivate the main body of new agricultural machinery services; focus on improving the support capacity of the leading industries to develop equipment, and increase the subsidies for agricultural machinery purchase. Policy support.
"Agricultural mechanization in the hilly mountainous areas is the big shortcoming of China's agricultural mechanization, and it is also a huge potential and a broad space. The task of promoting agricultural mechanization in hilly and mountainous areas is very arduous and the mission is very glorious. The competent departments of agricultural machinery at all levels must earnestly enhance the sense of urgency and responsibility. The sense of mission, the challenge, and the solution of this problem, not only add new kinetic energy to the national agricultural modernization, but also provide China's model and Chinese experience in the development of agricultural machinery in the hilly mountains for other countries with similar terrain." Li Weiguo said. (Original title: The acceleration of agricultural mechanization in the hilly and mountainous areas of China is justified)